EPA-registered repellents compared
Look for an EPA registration number on the label. That number means the product was tested to show it works. Higher concentration means longer protection, not stronger protection.
| Active ingredient | Use on | Tick-strength concentration | Lasts about | Children | Good to know |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DEET | Skin, clothing | 20–40% | 2–8 hrs | Over 2 months; AAP says max 30% for kids | The longest-studied repellent. Can damage plastics, watch crystals and synthetic fabric |
| Picaridinalso called icaridin | Skin, clothing | 20% | 3–10 hrs | Over 2 months | Nearly odorless, not greasy, won't harm gear. Many people prefer it to DEET |
| IR3535 | Skin | 20% | 4–6 hrs | Over 2 months | Often found in sunscreen-repellent combos |
| Oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE) / PMD | Skin | 30% | 2–5 hrs | Not under 3 years | Plant-derived and EPA-registered. Not the same as lemon eucalyptus essential oil, which isn't registered |
| 2-Undecanone | Skin | 7.75% | Up to 2 hrs for ticks | Check label | Originally from wild tomato plants. Limited published data |
| Nootkatone | Skin, clothing | Per label | Several hrs | Check label | Grapefruit and Alaska cedar compound developed by CDC; EPA-registered 2020. Repels and kills ticks. Few products on shelves so far |
| Permethrin | Clothing & gear only | 0.5% | 6 washes (DIY) · ~70 washes (factory) | Treated clothing is fine | Kills ticks on contact. The single best tool for hikers and yard work. Spray shoes, socks and pants; let dry. Never on skin. Toxic to cats while wet |
- Apply sunscreen first, then repellent. Avoid all-in-one products if you need to reapply sunscreen often.
- Spray ankles, legs and waist: ticks start low. Don't apply under clothing or on cuts.
- For kids, spray your own hands and rub it on. Skip hands, eyes and mouth.
- Wash it off when you come inside.
- Dress for it: light colors so ticks show, long pants tucked into socks, shirt tucked into pants.
- Walk the middle of trails and avoid brushing against vegetation.
- Pre-treated clothing (permethrin-bonded brands) is the easiest option for landscapers, hunters and outdoor kids.
Natural oils that repel ticks
Essential oils sold as repellents are exempt from EPA registration because they're considered low risk. That means they were checked for safety, not for whether they work. Some do repel ticks in lab tests, but protection is usually short (often an hour or two) and they evaporate quickly. Use them for low-risk outings, not a hike in deer-tick country.
Relative tick repellency, lab ranking (2024 study)
Bar length shows rank order only, not measured protection time. Le Mauff et al., Parasites & Vectors, 2024.
Use oils safely
- Always dilute in a carrier oil or buy a ready-made product. Undiluted oils can burn or sensitize skin.
- Patch-test on your forearm first.
- Reapply often, every 1–2 hours.
- Clove, cassia, oregano, thyme and peppermint are strong skin irritants. Keep away from eyes and young children's faces.
- Many oils (tea tree, clove, peppermint, citrus, pennyroyal) are toxic to cats and some to dogs. Never use on pets without a vet's okay.
- Pregnant? Ask your doctor first.
Oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE)
EPA-registered · strongest plant optionThe only plant-based skin repellent CDC recommends. Refined from the lemon-scented gum tree to concentrate PMD. 30% lasts up to several hours.
Geraniol / geranium
Minimum-risk exemptFrom geranium, rose and citronella grass. A common base in commercial natural tick sprays.
Cedarwood
Minimum-risk exemptRepels and can kill ticks. Popular as a yard and pet-bedding spray, and in clothing sprays.
Clove
Minimum-risk exemptRanked strongest in recent lab tests. Also the most irritating; always well diluted.
Rosemary
Minimum-risk exemptPart of the rosemary-lemongrass-cedar-peppermint-thyme-geraniol blends CDC has listed as repelling blacklegged ticks.
Lemongrass
Minimum-risk exemptCitrus-scented; shows repellency in blends. Can irritate sensitive skin.
Thyme
Minimum-risk exemptThymol content gives strong short-term repellency. Very irritating undiluted.
Peppermint
Minimum-risk exemptCommon in blends and pleasant to use, but weaker on its own in recent testing.
Citronella
Minimum-risk exemptBetter known for mosquitoes. Most products protect for 2 hours or less.
Oregano
Minimum-risk exemptHigh carvacrol; strong lab repellency. Strong skin irritant.
Garlic oil
Minimum-risk exempt · yard useSold as a lawn and garden spray to repel blacklegged ticks. Eating garlic doesn't repel ticks.
Patchouli, amyris, juniper
UnregisteredModerate repellency in lab studies. Useful as part of a blend.
TickPrevention.org is an educational resource and does not give medical advice. Follow CDC, EPA and university extension guidance, and see a clinician about any bite or symptoms.
